B elarus has been an independent state since the end of the Soviet Union in , though largely by default. Unlike other Soviet Republics, there was no grand Declaration of Independence or popular referendum. Independence Day is celebrated on 3 July, the date of the liberation of Minsk from German occupation in Belarus has been run by would-be president for life Alexander Lukashenko since The events of have caught almost everybody by surprise: a stage-managed election campaign was suddenly gate-crashed in May by a real opposition.
Lukashenko ignored it and declared his usual 80 per cent plus victory, provoking the biggest protests in Belarusian history. A parallel vote count showed that Lukashenko won only Even if he survives, his power now rests on coercion alone. But there are long-term trends that are dissolving old stereotypes about Belarus.
But all peoples have a history. Now it is beginning its history again. It was what preceded all three. But the three East Slavic peoples once shared a common home. The main Belarusian part was the principality of Polotsk, on the River Dvina Daugava , which dominated trade with the Baltic via client cities in what is now Latvia. Many Belarusian historians place the origins of a proto-Belarusian identity in this synthesis of Balts and Slavs. Like Northumbria in the seventh and eighth centuries, Polotsk was sometimes semi-detached and sometimes independent of the other principalities and Kyiv, the usual centre of rule.
In the s, the historian Vatslaw Lastowski argued that Belarusians should actually call themselves Kryvichi, the name of the Slavic tribe that founded Polotsk. Polotsk then helped found Litva.
This is an unfamiliar name in English, where we refer to the state as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During the 15th century Litva grew to become the largest state in Europe, covering land in what is now Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, Ukraine, Poland and Russia. The basic directions of the scientific and research work of the department are problems of the evolution of the class social structure and processes of the state building on the Byelorussian lands during the Middle Ages and the Modern Time, social conflicts of the Byelorussian society in the XV—XVIII centuries.
The research of two topics is carried out at the Department: 1. History of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania the important part of which was the Byelorussian lands forms the basis of the special courses of the department of Belarus History of the Ancient Time and the Middle Ages.
They devote to the questions of the historiography and the source study. Among them are problems of the study of Lithuanian Metrica, agrarian and urban subjects, political relations, military science, art, problems of society and church. The members of the department take an active part in international and republican conferences. Source Studies History of Belarus. Mass displacement of the peasant classes from — saw more than 33, move from Belarusian territory to Siberia. The Belarusian territories were occupied by German forces until November — Bolsheviks seized power in Russia.
This lasted until the German withdrawal later that year. More than 86, Belarusians suffered political oppression and over 28, were sentenced to death at Kuropaty camp near Minsk. June — the start of the Great Patriotic War in Belarus. June-July — resistance in Brest against German invaders lasted 6 weeks. The city was occupied until Soviet troops liberated it in September — Belarus fully occupied by the German army. Mass executions of prisoners from the Minsk ghetto in Tuchinki occurred until October End of — Partisan movement begins in Belarus and becomes the biggest movement in Europe before On 3 July, Minsk is liberated.
February — Yalta conference expelled Poles from the western region of Belarus. The region was officially recognised as part of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. April — Chernobyl Nuclear reactor disaster pollutes large areas of Belarusian territories. The move virtually proclaimed the independence of the Belarusian SSR. Aleksandr Lukashenko became the first President of the Republic of Belarus. The head of state was inaugurated on 20 June The referendum took care of giving the Russian language an equal status with the Belarusian language, establishment of a new national flag and a new national emblem of the Republic of Belarus, economic integration with the Russian Federation It became a strong social institution afterwards.
The representatives from all over the country gathered to discuss the main tendencies of social and economic development in the country. Amendments and addenda were introduced to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus to create a bicameral parliament, expand the powers of the President.
The document took effect on 1 January Official Website of the Republic of Belarus. About Belarus.
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